Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Plant.
INDEX
1. Concentrated Solar Power Plant
2. “India One” is a 1 MW electrical Solar Thermal Power Plant
3. Technology Suitable for India
6. Types of concentrating solar thermal power plants
6.1 Linear concentrating systems
6.1.2 Linear Fresnel reflectors
7. History
8.1 Parabolic trough
8.2 Enclosed trough
8.4 Dish Stirling
9. CSP with thermal energy storage
10. Deployment around the world
11. Efficiency
12. Cost and Value
13. Future
14. Very large-scale solar power plants
15. ADVANTAGES OR DISADVANTAGES
16. REFERENCES
Concentrated
Solar Power Plant
Concentrated
solar power (CSP, also known as concentrating solar power, concentrated solar
thermal) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate
a large area of sunlight into a receiver. Electricity is generated when the
concentrated light is converted to heat (solar thermal energy), which drives a
heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power
generator or powers a thermochemical reaction.
As of 2021, global installed capacity of concentrated solar power stood at 6.8 GW. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) maintains a full database of the current state of all CSP plants globally, whether under construction, shut down, or operating. The data includes comprehensive details such as capacity, type of power block components, number of thermal energy storage hours, and turbine sizes.
Concentrating
Solar Power (CSP) technologies use systems of mirrored concentrators to focus
direct beam solar radiation to receivers that convert the energy to high
temperature for power generation. There are four main configurations that are
commercially available- Parabolic Trough, Linear Fresnel Reflector, Parabolic
Dish and Central Receiver Tower – with Parabolic Trough being the most prevalent.
Typically,
this heat is transformed to mechanical energy through a steam turbine and then
to electricity. CSP has advantages compared to photovoltaic as it can readily
incorporate thermal energy storage and/or hybridization to provide dispatchable
power. The use of relatively ‘low tech’ manufacturing methods for solar
collector fields, together with the use of available steam turbine
technologies, makes the prospect of CSP capacity quite feasible to get rapidly
scaled up.
SECI plans
to undertake the following activities to further the progress of the CSP
technology
“India One” is a 1 MW electrical Solar Thermal
Power Plant
India One” is a 1 MW electrical Solar
Thermal Power Plant with 16 hrs thermal energy storage allowing
for round the clock operation. This captive power plant supplies
power to Brahma Kumaris headquarters in Abu Road, Rajasthan with total capacity
of 25,000 people.
India One” is a 1 MW electrical Solar
Thermal Power Plant has been partly funded by Ministry for the
Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB),
Government of Germany within the bilateral “ComSolar” initiative, executed for
them through the German development agency, GIZ (Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India under R&D Scheme.
The key features plus Research and
Development achievements at India One
Solar Power Plant are as follows:
·
770 numbers of 60.
square meter parabolic reflectors with unique static focus design, using special
solar grade mirrors with 93% reflectivity and equipped with fully automatic
dual axis tracking mechanism to adjust daily and seasonally, to the position of
the Sun.
·
770 numbers of
indigenously designed cast iron cavity receivers, generating directly
superheated steam, up to 450 degrees Celsius temperature and 42 bar pressure.
Due to the static design, receivers are cost effective and feature long
lifetime with minimum required maintenance.
The 60m2 parabolic reflector by tracking the
sun, concentrates the solar rays in the static cast iron receiver. Each
receiver which is made out of 3 tons of cast iron acts as thermal energy
storage for the night or partial cloudy condition. The cast iron core is
surrounded by steam coil, which acts as steam generator by exchanging the heat
from iron core to water. The high temperature steam runs through turbine
connected to generator that produces electricity. “India One” is a captive, off
grid power plant providing power for Shantivan complex at Abu Road.
The technology has been developed in-house and
it’s a good example of “Make in India” initiative.
India One Solar Thermal Power Plant got
successfully commissioned in the beginning of 2017. It is a good showcase for
solar thermal power plants with storage in the world.
Technology Suitable for India
·
Relatively
simple modular design.
·
Indigenous
manufacturing.
·
Major
components available locally.
·
Cost-effective
technology.
·
Easy
operation/ maintenance by means of readily available spares.
·
Easy
to replicate, decentralized fabrication process to create local employment.
·
Easy
and reliable storage options.
·
Reliable
in long term operations.
1 MW 35 Acre 2,017
Capacity. Total
Area Year
Build
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CICRCUIT DIAGRAM
Types of concentrating solar thermal power plants
There are three main types
of concentrating solar thermal power systems:
·
Linear concentrating systems, which include parabolic
troughs and linear Fresnel reflectors
·
Solar power towers
·
Solar dish/engine systems
Linear concentrating systems
Linear concentrating
systems collect the sun's energy using long, rectangular, curved (U-shaped)
mirrors. The mirrors focus sunlight onto receivers (tubes) that run the length
of the mirrors. The concentrated sunlight heats a fluid flowing through the
tubes. The fluid is sent to a heat exchanger to boil water in a conventional
steam-turbine generator to produce electricity. There are two major types of
linear concentrator systems: parabolic trough systems, where receiver tubes are
positioned along the focal line of each parabolic mirror, and linear Fresnel
reflector systems, where one receiver tube is positioned above several mirrors
to allow the mirrors greater mobility in tracking the sun.
A
linear concentrating collector power plant has a large number, or field, of collectors in
parallel rows that are typically aligned in a north-south orientation to
maximize solar energy collection. This configuration enables the mirrors to
track the sun from east to west during the day and concentrate sunlight
continuously onto the receiver tubes.
1.1 Parabolic troughs
A
parabolic trough collector has a long parabolic-shaped reflector that focuses
the sun's rays on a receiver pipe located at the focus of the parabola. The
collector tilts with the sun to keep sunlight focused on the receiver as the
sun moves from east to west during the day.
Because
of its parabolic shape, a trough can focus the sunlight from 30 times to 100
times its normal intensity (concentration ratio) on the receiver pipe, located
along the focal line of the trough, achieving operating temperatures higher
than 750°F.
Parabolic trough linear
concentrating systems are used in one of the longest operating solar thermal
power facilities in the world, the Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS)
located in the Mojave Desert in California. The facility has had nine separate
plants over time, with the first plant in the system, SEGS I, operating from
1984 to 2015, and the second, SEGS II, operating from 1985 to 2015. SEGS
III–VII (3–7), each with net summer electric generation capacities of
36 megawatts (MW), came online in 1986, 1987, and 1988. SEGS VIII (8) and IX
(9), each with a net summer electric generation capacity of 88 MW, began
operation in 1989 and 1990, respectively. SEGS 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 all ceased
operation in 2021, leaving only SEGS 9 in operation as of December 31, 2021.
In addition to the SEGS 9,
the other parabolic-trough solar thermal electric facilities operating in the
United States as of December 2021, and their net summer electric generation
capacity, location, and year of initial operation are:
·
Solana Generating Station: a 296 MW, two-plant facility with an
energy storage component in Gila Bend, Arizona, that started operating in 2013
·
Mojave Solar Project: a 275 MW, two-plant facility in Barstow,
California, that started operating in 2014
·
Genesis Solar Energy Project: a 250 MW, two-plant facility in
Blythe, California, that started operating in 2013 and 2014
·
Nevada Solar One: a 69 MW plant near Boulder City, Nevada, that
started operating in 2007
1.2 Linear Fresnel reflectors
Linear
Fresnel reflector (LFR) systems are similar to parabolic trough systems in that
mirrors (reflectors) concentrate sunlight onto a receiver located above the
mirrors. These reflectors use the Fresnel lens effect, which allows
for a concentrating mirror with a large aperture and short focal length. These
systems are capable of concentrating the sun's energy to approximately 30 times
its normal intensity. Compact linear Fresnel reflectors (CLFR)—also referred to
as concentrating linear Fresnel reflectors—are a type of LFR technology that
has multiple absorbers within the vicinity of the mirrors. Multiple receivers
allow the mirrors to change their inclination to minimize how much they block
adjacent reflectors' access to sunlight. This positioning improves system
efficiency and reduces material requirements and costs. A demonstration CLFR
solar power plant was built near Bakersfield, California, in 2008, but it is
currently not operational.
1.3 Solar power towers
A solar power tower system uses a large field
of flat, sun-tracking mirrors called heliostats to reflect and concentrate
sunlight onto a receiver on the top of a tower. Sunlight can be concentrated as
much as 1,500 times. Some power towers use water as the heat-transfer fluid.
Advanced designs are experimenting with molten nitrate salt because of its
superior heat transfer and energy storage capabilities. The thermal
energy-storage capability allows the system to produce electricity during cloudy
weather or at night.
The U.S. Department of Energy, along with
several electric utilities, built and operated the first demonstration solar
power tower near Barstow, California, during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2021,
there were two solar power tower facilities operating in the United States:
·
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility: a facility with
three separate collector fields and towers with a combined net summer electric
generation capacity of 393 MW in Ivanpah Dry Lake, California, that started
operating in 2013
·
Crescent Dunes Solar
Energy Project: a 110 MW one-tower facility with an energy storage component in
Tonapah, Nevada, that started operating in 2015
1.4 Solar Dish/Engines
Solar dish/engine systems
use a mirrored dish similar to a very large satellite dish. To reduce costs,
the mirrored dish is usually composed of many smaller flat mirrors formed into
a dish shape. The dish-shaped surface directs and concentrates sunlight onto a
thermal receiver, which absorbs and collects the heat and transfers it to an
engine generator. The most common type of heat engine used in dish/engine
systems is the Stirling engine. This system uses the fluid heated by the
receiver to move pistons and create mechanical power. The mechanical power runs
a generator or alternator to produce electricity.
Solar
dish/engine systems always point straight at the sun and concentrate the solar
energy at the focal point of the dish. A solar dish's concentration ratio is
much higher than linear concentrating systems, and it has a working fluid
temperature higher than 1,380°F. The power-generating equipment used with a
solar dish can be mounted at the focal point of the dish, making it well suited
for remote locations, or the energy may be collected from a number of
installations and converted into electricity at a central point.
There
are no utility-scale solar dish/engine projects in commercial operation in the
United States.
History
A
legend has it that Archimedes used a "burning
glass" to concentrate sunlight on the invading Roman fleet and repel them
from Syracuse. In 1973 a Greek scientist, Dr. Ioannis Sakkas,
curious about whether Archimedes could really have destroyed the Roman fleet in
212 BC, lined up nearly 60 Greek sailors, each holding an oblong mirror tipped
to catch the sun's rays and direct them at a tar-covered plywood silhouette
49 m (160 ft) away. The ship caught fire after a few minutes;
however, historians continue to doubt the Archimedes story.
In 1866, Auguste Mouchout used
a parabolic trough to produce steam for the first solar steam engine. The first
patent for a solar collector was obtained by the Italian Alessandro Battaglia
in Genoa, Italy, in 1886. Over the following years, invеntors such as John Ericsson and Frank Shuman developed
concentrating solar-powered dеvices for irrigation, refrigеration, and
locomоtion. In 1913 Shuman finished a 55 horsepower (41 kW)
parabolic solar thermal energy station in Maadi, Egypt for
irrigation. The first solar-power system using a mirror dish was built
by Dr. R.H. Goddard, who was already well known for his
research on liquid-fueled rockets and wrote an article in 1929 in which he
asserted that all the previous obstacles had been addressed.
Professor
Giovanni Francia (1911–1980) designed and built the first concentrated-solar plant,
which entered into operation in Sant'Ilario, near Genoa, Italy in 1968. This
plant had the architecture of today's power tower plants with a solar receiver
in the center of a field of solar collectors. The plant was able to produce
1 MW with superheated steam at 100 bar and 500 °C. The
10 MW Solar One power tower was developed in Southern
California in 1981. Solar One was converted into Solar Two in 1995, implementing a new design with a
molten salt mixture (60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate) as the receiver
working fluid and as a storage medium. The molten salt approach proved
effective, and Solar Two operated successfully until it was decommissioned in
1999. The parabolic-trough technology of the nearby Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS), begun in 1984,
was more workable. The 354 MW SEGS was the largest solar power plant in
the world, until 2014.
No
commercial concentrated solar was constructed from 1990 when SEGS was completed
until 2006 when the Compact linear Fresnel reflector system
at Liddell Power Station in Australia was built. Few other plants were built
with this design although the 5 MW Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy
Plant opened in 2009.
In 2007, 75 MW Nevada Solar One was built, a trough design
and the first large plant since SEGS. Between 2009 and 2013, Spain built over
40 parabolic trough systems, standardized in 50 MW blocks.
Due to
the success of Solar Two, a commercial power plant, called Solar Tres Power Tower, was built in Spain in 2011, later
renamed Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant. Gemasolar's results paved the way for
further plants of its type. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility was
constructed at the same time but without thermal storage, using natural gas to
preheat water each morning.
Most
concentrated solar power plants use the parabolic trough design, instead of the
power tower or Fresnel systems. There have also been variations of parabolic
trough systems like the integrated solar combined cycle
(ISCC) which combines troughs and conventional fossil fuel heat
systems.
CSP was
originally treated as a competitor to photovoltaics, and Ivanpah was built
without energy storage, although Solar Two had included several hours of
thermal storage. By 2015, prices for photovoltaic plants had fallen and PV
commercial power was selling for 1⁄3 of recent CSP
contracts. However, increasingly, CSP was being bid with 3 to 12 hours of
thermal energy storage, making CSP a dispatchable form of solar energy. As such, it is increasingly seen as competing with natural
gas and PV with batteries for flexible, dispatchable power.
Current
technology
CSP is
used to produce electricity (sometimes called solar thermoelectricity, usually
generated through steam. Concentrated-solar technology
systems use mirrors or lenses with tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight
onto a small area. The concentrated light is then used as heat or as a heat
source for a conventional power plant (solar
thermoelectricity). The solar concentrators used in CSP systems can often also
be used to provide industrial process heating or cooling, such as in solar air conditioning.
Concentrating
technologies exist in four optical types, namely parabolic trough, dish, concentrating linear Fresnel
reflector, and solar power tower. Parabolic
trough and concentrating linear Fresnel reflectors are classified as linear
focus collector types, while dish and solar tower are point focus types. Linear
focus collectors achieve medium concentration factors (50 suns and over), and
point focus collectors achieve high concentration factors (over 500 suns).
Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from the theoretical
maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic-trough concentration
gives about 1⁄3 of the theoretical maximum for the design acceptance angle, that is, for the same overall tolerances
for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using
more elaborate concentrators based on nonimaging optics.
Different
types of concentrators produce different peak temperatures and correspondingly
varying thermodynamic efficiencies, due to differences in the way that they
track the sun and focus light. New innovations in CSP technology are leading
systems to become more and more cost-effective.
Parabolic trough
A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic
reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the
reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned at the longitudinal
focal line of the parabolic mirror and filled with a working fluid. The
reflector follows the sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a single
axis. A working fluid (e.g. molten salt is heated to 150–350 °C (302–662 °F) as
it flows through the receiver and is then used as a heat source for a power
generation system. Trough systems are the most developed CSP technology. The
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants in California, the world's first
commercial parabolic trough plants, Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder
City, Nevada, and Andasol, Europe's first commercial parabolic trough plant are
representative, along with Plataforma Solar de Almeria's SSPS-DCS test
facilities in Spain.
Enclosed trough
The design encapsulates the solar thermal system within
a greenhouse-like glasshouse. The glasshouse creates a protected environment to
withstand the elements that can negatively impact reliability and efficiency of
the solar thermal system. Lightweight curved solar-reflecting mirrors are
suspended from the ceiling of the glasshouse by wires. A single-axis tracking
system positions the mirrors to retrieve the optimal amount of sunlight. The
mirrors concentrate the sunlight and focus it on a network of stationary steel
pipes, also suspended from the glasshouse structure. Water is carried
throughout the length of the pipe, which is boiled to generate steam when
intense solar radiation is applied. Sheltering the mirrors from the wind allows
them to achieve higher temperature rates and prevents dust from building up on
the mirrors.
GlassPoint Solar, the company that created the Enclosed
Trough design, states its technology can produce heat for Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) for about $5 per 290 kWh (1,000,000 BTU) in sunny regions, compared to
between $10 and $12 for other conventional solar thermal technologies.
Solar power tower
Ashalim Power Station, Israel, on its
completion the tallest solar tower in the world. It concentrates light from
over 50,000 heliostats.
The PS10 solar power plant in Andalusia, Spain
concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats onto a central solar power
tower.
A solar power tower consists of an array of dual-axis
tracking reflectors (heliostats) that concentrate sunlight on a central
receiver atop a tower; the receiver contains a heat-transfer fluid, which can
consist of water-steam or molten salt. Optically a solar power tower is the
same as a circular Fresnel reflector. The working fluid in the receiver is
heated to 500–1000 °C (773–1,273 K or 932–1,832 °F) and then used as a heat
source for a power generation or energy storage system. An advantage of the solar tower is the
reflectors can be adjusted instead of the whole tower. Power-tower development
is less advanced than trough systems, but they offer higher efficiency and
better energy storage capability. Beam down tower application is also feasible
with heliostats to heat the working fluid.
The Solar Two in Daggett, California and the CESA-1 in
Plataforma Solar de Almeria Almeria, Spain, are the most representative
demonstration plants. The Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain,
is the first commercial utility-scale solar power tower in the world. The 377
MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in the Mojave Desert, is the largest
CSP facility in the world, and uses three power towers. Ivanpah generated only
0.652 TWh (63%) of its energy from solar means, and the other 0.388 TWh (37%)
was generated by burning natural gas.
Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used instead of
steam as heat-transfer fluid for increased electricity production efficiency.
However, because of the high temperatures in arid areas where solar power is
usually located, it is impossible to cool down carbon dioxide below its
critical temperature in the compressor inlet. Therefore, supercritical carbon
dioxide blends with higher critical temperature are currently in development.
Dish Stirling
A dish Stirling or dish engine system consists of a
stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver
positioned at the reflector's focal point. The reflector tracks the Sun along
two axes. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to 250–700 °C (482–1,292
°F) and then used by a Stirling engine to generate power. Parabolic-dish
systems provide high solar-to-electric efficiency (between 31% and 32%), and
their modular nature provides scalability. The Stirling Energy Systems (SES),
United Sun Systems (USS) and Science Applications International Corporation
(SAIC) dishes at UNLV, and Australian National University's Big Dish in
Canberra, Australia are representative of this technology. A world record for
solar to electric efficiency was set at 31.25% by SES dishes at the National
Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) in New Mexico on 31 January 2008, a cold,
bright day. According to its developer, Ripasso Energy, a Swedish firm, in 2015
its Dish Sterling system being tested in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa
showed 34% efficiency. The SES installation in Maricopa, Phoenix was the
largest Stirling Dish power installation in the world until it was sold to
United Sun Systems. Subsequently, larger parts of the installation have been
moved to China as part of the huge energy demand.
CSP with thermal energy storage
Thermal energy storage and Solar thermal energy
In a CSP plant that includes storage, the solar energy
is first used to heat the molten salt or synthetic oil which is stored
providing thermal/heat energy at high temperature in insulated tanks. Later the
hot molten salt (or oil) is used in a steam generator to produce steam to
generate electricity by steam turbo generator as per requirement. Thus solar
energy which is available in daylight only is used to generate electricity
round the clock on demand as a load following power plant or solar peaker
plant.[60][61] The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power
generation at nameplate capacity. Unlike solar PV or CSP without storage, the
power generation from solar thermal storage plants is dispatchable and
self-sustainable similar to coal/gas-fired power plants, but without the
pollution. CSP with thermal energy storage plants can also be used as
cogeneration plants to supply both electricity and process steam round the
clock. As of December 2018, CSP with thermal energy storage plants generation
cost have ranged between 5 C/ kWh and 7 c / kWh depending on good to medium
solar radiation received at a location. Unlike solar PV plants, CSP with
thermal energy storage plants can also be used economically round the clock to
produce only process steam replacing pollution emitting fossil fuels. CSP plant
can also be integrated with solar PV for better synergy.
CSP with thermal storage systems are also available
using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or
steam round the clock. These CSP plants are equipped with gas turbine to
generate electricity. These are also small in capacity (<0.4 MW) with
flexibility to install in few acres area. Waste heat from the power plant can
also be used for process steam generation and HVAC needs. In case land
availability is not a limitation, any number of these modules can be installed
up to 1000 MW with RAMS and cost advantage since the per MW cost of these units
are cheaper than bigger size solar thermal stations.
Centralized district heating round the clock is also
feasible with concentrated solar thermal storage plants.
Deployment around
the world
National CSP capacities in
2018 (MWp) |
|||
Country |
Total |
Added |
|
2,300 |
0 |
||
1,738 |
0 |
||
400 |
100 |
||
380 |
200 |
||
225 |
0 |
||
210 |
200 |
||
100 |
0 |
||
50 |
50 |
||
25 |
0 |
||
20 |
0 |
||
12 |
0 |
||
5 |
0 |
||
A early plant operated in Sicily at Adrano. The US
deployment of CSP plants started by 1984 with the SEGS plants. The last SEGS
plant was completed in 1990. From 1991 to 2005, no CSP plants were built
anywhere in the world. Global installed CSP-capacity increased nearly tenfold
between 2004 and 2013 and grew at an average of 50 percent per year during the
last five of those years, as the number of countries with installed CSP were
growing In 2013, worldwide installed capacity increased by 36% or nearly 0.9
gigawatt (GW) to more than 3.4 GW. The record for capacity installed was reached
in 2014, corresponding to 925 MW, however, was followed by a decline caused by
policy changes, the global financial crisis, and the rapid decrease in price
of the photovoltaic cells. Nevertheless, total capacity reached 6800 MW in
2021. Spain accounted for almost one third of the world's capacity, at 2,300
MW, despite no new capacity entering commercial operation in the country since
2013. The United States follows with 1,740 MW. Interest is also notable in
North Africa and the Middle East, as well as China and India.There is a notable
trend towards developing countries and regions with high solar radiation with
several large plants under construction in 2017.
Efficiency
The efficiency of a concentrating solar power system
will depend on the technology used to convert the solar power to electrical
energy, the operating temperature of the receiver and the heat rejection,
thermal losses in the system, and the presence or absence of other system
losses; in addition to the conversion efficiency, the optical system which
concentrates the sunlight will also add additional losses.
Real-world systems claim a maximum conversion efficiency
of 23-35% for "power tower" type systems, operating at temperatures
from 250 to 565 °C, with the higher efficiency number assuming a combined cycle
turbine. Dish Stirling systems, operating at temperatures of 550-750 °C, claim
an efficiency of about 30%.Due to variation in sun incidence during the day,
the average conversion efficiency achieved is not equal to these maximum efficiencies,
and the net annual solar-to- electricity efficiencies are 7-20% for pilot power
tower systems, and 12-25% for demonstration-scale Stirling dish systems.
Cost and Value
Bulk power from CSP today is much more expensive than
solar PV or Wind power, however when including energy storage CSP can be a
cheaper alternative. As early as 2011, the rapid decline of the price of
photovoltaic systems lead to projections that CSP will no longer be
economically viable.[aroun As of 2020, the least expensive utility-scale
concentrated solar power stations in the United States and worldwide are five
times more expensive than utility-scale photovoltaic power stations, with a
projected minimum price of 7 cents per kilowatt-hour for the most advanced CSP
stations against record lows of 1.32 cents per kWh for utility-scale PV.This
five-fold price difference has been maintained since 2018.
Even though overall deployment of CSP remains limited
the levelized cost of power from commercial scale plants has decreased
significantly in recent years. With a learning rate estimated at around 20%
cost reduction of every doubling in capacity
the cost were approaching the upper end of the fossil fuel cost range at
the beginning of the 2020s driven by support schemes in several countries,
including Spain, the US, Morocco, South Africa, China, and the UAE: LCOE of
Concentrating Solar Power from 2006 to 2019
CSP deployment has slowed down considerably as most of
the above-mentioned markets have cancelled their support, as the technology turned
out to be more expensive on a per kWH basis than solar PV and wind power. CSP
in combination with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is expected by some to remain
cheaper than PV with lithium batteries for storage durations above 4 hours per
day,while NREL expects that by 2030 PV with 10-hour storage lithium batteries
will cost the same as PV with 4-hour storage used to cost in 2020.
Combining the affordability of PV and the
dispatchability of CSP is a prominsing avenue for high capacity factor solar
power at low cost. Few PV-CSP plants in China are hoping to operate profitably
on the regional coal tariff of US$ 50 per MWh in the year 2021.
Future
A study done by Greenpeace International, the European
Solar Thermal Electricity Association, and the International Energy Agency's
SolarPACES group investigated the potential and future of concentrated solar
power. The study found that concentrated solar power could account for up to
25% of the world's energy needs by 2050. The increase in investment would be from
€2 billion worldwide to €92.5 billion in that time period.Spain is the leader
in concentrated solar power technology, with more than 50 government-approved
projects in the works. Also, it exports its technology, further increasing the
technology's stake in energy worldwide. Because the technology works best with
areas of high insolation (solar radiation), experts predict the biggest growth
in places like Africa, Mexico, and the southwest United States. It indicates
that the thermal storage systems based in nitrates (calcium, potassium,
sodium,...) will make the CSP plants more and more profitable. The study
examined three different outcomes for this technology: no increases in CSP
technology, investment continuing as it has been in Spain and the US, and finally
the true potential of CSP without any barriers on its growth. The findings of
the third part are shown in the table below
Year |
Annual |
Cumulative |
2015 |
€21 billion |
4,755 MW |
2050 |
€174 billion |
1,500,000 MW |
Finally, the study
acknowledged how technology for CSP was improving and how this would result in
a drastic price decrease by 2050. It predicted a drop from the current range of
€0.23–0.15/kWh to €0.14–0.10/kWh.
The European Union looked
into developing a €400 billion (US$774 billion) network of solar power plants
based in the Sahara region using CSP technology to be known as Desertec, to
create "a new carbon-free network linking Europe, the Middle East and
North Africa". The plan was backed mainly by German industrialists and
predicted production of 15% of Europe's power by 2050. Morocco was a major
partner in Desertec and as it has barely 1% of the electricity consumption of
the EU, it could produce more than enough energy for the entire country with a
large energy surplus to deliver to Europe. Algeria has the biggest area of
desert, and private Algerian firm Cevital signed up for Desertec. With its wide
desert (the highest CSP potential in the Mediterranean and Middle East
regions about 170 TWh/year) and its
strategic geographical location near Europe, Algeria is one of the key
countries to ensure the success of Desertec project. Moreover, with the
abundant natural-gas reserve in the Algerian desert, this will strengthen the
technical potential of Algeria in acquiring Solar-Gas Hybrid Power Plants for
24-hour electricity generation. Most of the participants pulled out of the
effort at the end of 2014.
Experience with
first-of-a-kind CSP plants in the USA was mixed. Solana in Arizona, and Ivanpah
in California indicate large production shortfalls in electricity generation
between 25% and 40% in the first years of operation. Producers blame clouds and
stormy weather, but critics seem to think there are technological issues. These
problems are causing utilities to pay inflated prices for wholesale
electricity, and threaten the long-term viability of the technology. As
photovoltaic costs continue to plummet, many think CSP has a limited future in
utility-scale electricity production. In other countries especially Spain and
South Africa CSP plants have met their designed parameters .
CSP has other uses than
electricity. Researchers are investigating solar thermal reactors for the
production of solar fuels, making solar a fully transportable form of energy in
the future. These researchers use the solar heat of CSP as a catalyst for
thermochemistry to break apart molecules of H2O, to create hydrogen (H2) from
solar energy with no carbon emissions. By splitting both H2O and CO2, other
much-used hydrocarbons fuel for example, the jet fuel used to fly commercial
airplanes could also be created with
solar energy rather than from fossil fuels.
Very large-scale
solar power plants
Around the turn of the
millennium up to about 2010, there have been several proposals for gigawatt
size, very-large-scale solar power plants using CSP. They include the
Euro-Mediterranean Desertec proposal and Project Helios in Greece (10 GW), both
now canceled. A 2003 study concluded that the world could generate 2,357,840
TWh each year from very large-scale solar power plants using 1% of each of the
world's deserts. Total consumption worldwide was 15,223 TWh/year[ (in 2003).
The gigawatt size projects would have been arrays of standard-sized single
plants. In 2012, the BLM made available 97,921,069 acres (39,627,251 hectares)
of land in the southwestern United States for solar projects, enough for
between 10,000 and 20,000 GW. The largest single plant in operation is the 510
MW Noor Solar Power Station. In 2022 the 700 MW CSP 4th phase of the 5GW
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai will become the largest
solar complex featuring CSP.
ADVANTAGES
OR DISADVANTAGES
·
Advantages
of solar thermal power plant
1. Saves
expensive and depleting fossil fuels.
2. No need
to transport fuel.
3. Can be
installed in remote and remote areas away from fuel sources.
4. Pollution
free
·
Disadvantage
of solar thermal power plant
1. The cost
of power generation is high.
2. Standby
power is needed.
3. Requires
very large collector area for installation.
4. Can't
supply continuous electric power.
5. Suitable
only where there are favorable sun-shade conditions.
6. Low
thermal efficiency.
7. Thermal
storage system is needed.
REFERENCES
·
India One Solar
Power Plant (india-one.net)
·
Idea :- Youtube
·
Wikipedia
·
Google
· scan this QR code and see full project details
Link :- https://bit.ly/43V00Gh